This is why protecting user credentials (specifically application credentials) defined in CIS Control 6 is so important. Lacking credentials, application flaws are the attack vector of choice. However, today’s applications are developed, operated, and maintained in a highly complex, diverse, and dynamic environment. Applications run on multiple platforms: web, mobile, cloud, etc., with application architectures that are more complex than legacy client-server or database-web server structures. Development life cycles have become shorter, transitioning from months or years in long waterfall methodologies, to DevOps cycles with frequent code updates. Also, applications are rarely created from scratch, and are often “assembled” from a complex mix of development frameworks, libraries, existing code, and new code. There are also modern and evolving data protection regulations dealing with user privacy.
These may require compliance to regional or sector-specific data protection requirements. These factors make traditional approaches to security, like control (of processes, code sources, run-time environment, etc.), inspection, and testing, much more challenging. Also, the risk that an application vulnerability introduces might not be understood, except in a specific operational setting or context. Application vulnerabilities can be present for many reasons: insecure design, insecure infrastructure, coding mistakes, weak authentication, and failure to test for unusual or unexpected conditions. Attackers can exploit specific vulnerabilities, including buffer overflows, exposure to Structured Query Language (SQL) injection, cross-site scripting, cross-site request forgery, and click-jacking of code to gain access to sensitive data, or take control over vulnerable assets within the infrastructure as a launching point for further attacks. Applications and websites can also be used to harvest credentials, data, or attempt to install malware onto the users who access them. Finally, it is now more common to acquire Software as a Service (SaaS) platforms, where software is developed and managed entirely through a third-party. These might be hosted anywhere in the world. This brings challenges to enterprises that need to know what risks they are accepting with using these platforms; and, they often do not have visibility into the development and application security practices of these platforms. Some of these SaaS platforms allow for customizing of their interfaces and databases. Enterprises that extend these applications should follow this CIS Control, similar to if they were doing ground-up customer development.